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Is there a trend toward the regionalization of peacekeeping? Does regionalization undermine the United Nations (UN) system of collective security? To answer these questions, we present an innovative dataset of peace operations. Co...
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Is there a trend toward the regionalization of peacekeeping? Does regionalization undermine the United Nations (UN) system of collective security? To answer these questions, we present an innovative dataset of peace operations. Covering the 1947-2016 period, the dataset captures every UN and non-UN peace operation, information on mission type, the existence of target state consent and UN authorization. The unit of analysis is the mission. The first analysis of the dataset yields three findings: (1) There is a significant regionalization of peace operations; (2) regions show distinct intervention patterns; and (3) regionalization does not directly challenge the UN authority.
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A phylogenetic analysis of the subspecies of Salvelinus malma (Dolly Varden char) was done using DNA sequences from the first internat transcribed spacer (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Sequences were obtained from the norther...
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A phylogenetic analysis of the subspecies of Salvelinus malma (Dolly Varden char) was done using DNA sequences from the first internat transcribed spacer (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Sequences were obtained from the northern S, malma malma from the Noatak River, Alaska, and the Kamchatka River, Russia; from the southern North American form S. malma lordi from the Fox River, Kenai peninsula, and Auke Bay near Juneau, Alaska; and from the southern Asian form S. malma krascheninnikovi from Belaya River in Sakhalin Island, Russia. These sequences were combined with others from Salvelinus alpinus (Arctic char) from, several locations in the North Pacific and Europe and analyzed using maximum parsimony and neighbor joining algorithms with Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout) as an outgroup. The resulting trees had two well-supported groups: S. m. malma and S. m. krascheninnikovi in one group and S. m. lordi and various populations of S. alpinus in the other. Salvelinus m. malma and S. m krascheninnikovi were sister taxa, and S. nz. lordi was most closely related to S. alpinus from Northwest Territories (S. a erythrinus). New chromosome data from S. m. malma from northwestern Alaska supported the three named subspecies because S. m. malma from both Alaska and Russia have 2n = 78 compared with 2n = 82 for the two southern forms and the location of the nuclear organizer regions (NORs) was different in each of the three subspecies. [References: 28]
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Regional Organizations (ROs) have become a central pillar of governance beyond the nation-state. This paper investigates why European states turned into architects of regional regime complexity: they have created and joined numero...
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Regional Organizations (ROs) have become a central pillar of governance beyond the nation-state. This paper investigates why European states turned into architects of regional regime complexity: they have created and joined numerous different ROs and equipped them with a broad range of different policy competencies. Thereby, European states - some more than others - have increasingly duplicated identical policy competencies in multiple ROs. The phenomenon is puzzling as it is potentially costly and might undermine the effectiveness of regional cooperation especially if incompatible regional rules trigger non-compliance. Therefore, we ask why states differ in the extent to which they cover identical competencies in different ROs. Drawing on a unique dataset and analyzing cross-sectional temporal variation, we show that both indirect factors, such as late accessions and the number of states in Europe, as well as direct factors, such as state power and democracy, drive regional regime complexity.
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Objective: To formulate a system which has been developed for the purpose of accomplishing the function of the Jiangsu Center for ADR Monitoring according to the international Pharmacovigilance practices. Method: The ADRs signal i...
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Objective: To formulate a system which has been developed for the purpose of accomplishing the function of the Jiangsu Center for ADR Monitoring according to the international Pharmacovigilance practices. Method: The ADRs signal is considered the core of the ADR monitoring system, including drug safety information collection, handling, and also associated communication processes. Results: Regional Pharmacovigilance can effectively keep the public safe in drug use and offer a reference for drug policy in the future. Conclusion: The experiences of Jiangsu Center for ADR Monitoring will help establish a foundation for developing the consummate Pharmacovigilance system and provide knowledge, experience and advice to other regional professional organizations.
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Recent patterns of prolonged regional drought in southern boreal forests of the Great Lakes region, USA, suggest that the ecological effects of disturbance by wildfire may become increasingly severe. Losses of forest soil organic ...
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Recent patterns of prolonged regional drought in southern boreal forests of the Great Lakes region, USA, suggest that the ecological effects of disturbance by wildfire may become increasingly severe. Losses of forest soil organic matter (SOM) during fire can limit soil nutrient availability and forest regeneration. These processes are also influenced by the composition of postfire SOM. We sampled the forest floor layer (i.e., full organic horizon) and 0–10cm mineral soil fromstands dominated by coniferous (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) or deciduous (Populus tremuloides Michx.) species 1–2months after the 2011 Pagami Creek wildfire in northern Minnesota. We used solid-state ~(13)C NMR to characterize SOMcomposition across a gradient of fire severity in both forest cover types. SOM composition was affected by fire, even when no statistically significant losses of total C stocks were evident. The most pronounced differences in SOM composition between burned and unburned reference areas occurred in the forest floor for both cover types. Carbohydrate stocks in forest floor andmineral horizons decreased with severity level in both cover types, whereas pyrogenic C stocks increased with severity in the coniferous forest floor and decreased in only the highest severity level in the deciduous forest floor. Loss of carbohydrate and lignin pools contributed to a decreased SOMstability index and increased decomposition index. Our results suggest that increases in fire severity expected to occur under future climate scenarios may lead to changes in SOM composition and dynamics with consequences for postfire forest recovery and C uptake.
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In this study cytogenetic analysis were carried out on Garra variabilis (Heckel, 1843) individuals from Savur stream (Mardin). The karyotype of G. variabilis was analyzed using G-banding, C-banding, Ag-NOR staining and Q-banding t...
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In this study cytogenetic analysis were carried out on Garra variabilis (Heckel, 1843) individuals from Savur stream (Mardin). The karyotype of G. variabilis was analyzed using G-banding, C-banding, Ag-NOR staining and Q-banding techniques. Diploid chromosomes number of specimens was determined as 2n=102. However, two karyotype formulae were identified in the G. variabdis specimens: female 42m+18sm+24st+18a (FN = 186) and males 41m+18sm+24t+19a (FN = 185). Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were identified by silver nitrate staining. NOR regions were observed on many chromosome pairs. The largest chromosome pair was defined as submetacentric. The detail karyotype of G. variabdis is reported for the first time.
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This article aims to explore the relationship between domestic economic and political conditions and the performance of 14 regional organizations over a range of security provisions. It argues that the willingness of member states...
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This article aims to explore the relationship between domestic economic and political conditions and the performance of 14 regional organizations over a range of security provisions. It argues that the willingness of member states to increase the range of security provisions of a regional organization is influenced by the combination of high levels of economic and political development and low levels of dispersion among the members of a regional organization. In order to evaluate this assumption, two aspects of regional organizations are explored. The first is to examine the development of security governance provisions of 14 regional organizations as well as the levels of empowerment or autonomy of those organizations. The second is to analyze how six economic and political variables influence the range of security provisions and the degree of empowerment of regional organizations. The final part of the article examines how regional organizations play a significant role in stimulating and reproducing regional governance orders.
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OBJECTIVE: Nucleolar organizer regions are loops of DNA containing ribosomal RNA genes and presumably are associated with ribosomal RNA activity, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation. Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (...
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OBJECTIVE: Nucleolar organizer regions are loops of DNA containing ribosomal RNA genes and presumably are associated with ribosomal RNA activity, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation. Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) count has been suggested as an objective method in differentiating dysplastic lesions from non-dysplastic lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive study was done on archival paraffin blocks (n = 60), consisting of 10 normal human oral epithelium, 22 cases of non-dysplastic leukoplakia (NDLK), and 28 cases of dysplastic leukoplakia (DLK). The AgNORs were counted with the aid of a manual using conventional light microscopy and photographs of the same were taken and analyzed using Image Pro Express 6.0 (Media Cybernetic Inc., USA) for windows. RESULTS: The mean AgNOR count per nucleus was found to be higher in patients with DLK as compared to NDLK and controls using both manual counting and image analysis method and on comparing both the techniques, image analysis provide a more accurate reflection of AgNOR counts than manual counting. CONCLUSION: To conclude, reliability of computerized image technique of AgNOR count is the most appropriate marker to differentiate between dysplastic and NDLK. Computer-assisted image analysis system was found to be an effective tool in achieving high reproducibility as compare to manual.
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O uso de adubos organicos pode incrementar a produ??o de espécies florestais, as quais podem ser usadas para extra??o de madeira em monocultivos ou em sistemas integrados. Objetivou-se neste estudo, avaliar a aplica??o de doses d...
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O uso de adubos organicos pode incrementar a produ??o de espécies florestais, as quais podem ser usadas para extra??o de madeira em monocultivos ou em sistemas integrados. Objetivou-se neste estudo, avaliar a aplica??o de doses de esterco de ovino na implanta??o de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (sabiá) em sistema silviagrícola, de uma área anteriormente ocupada por pastagem degradada em um Albaquult (Planossolo Háplico). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repeti??es, e os tratamentos corresponderam às seguintes doses: 0, 2; 4; 8 e 12 kg de esterco de ovino por planta no primeiro ano, cujas quantidades empregadas foram reaplicadas em dobro (0, 4, 8, 16 e 32 kg por planta) no ano seguinte na proje??o da copa. As variáveis avaliadas corresponderam aos atributos biométricos: altura (ALT); diametro do colmo ou coleto (DC) e diametro na altura do peito (DAP); massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA); acúmulo de nutrientes (parte aérea); e fertilidade do solo. As plantas de sabiá foram responsivas à aduba??o organica com incrementos nas variáveis ALT, DAP e MSPA. O esterco de ovino aumentou os valores médios na camada de 0-0,20 m para pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CTC, V, S-SO4 2- e Zn; com diminui??o da acidez potencial. Para a variável matéria organica o incremento ocorreu até à dose de 13,70 kg por planta. O acúmulo de macro e micronutrientes, em plantas de sabiá foi N > Ca > K > Mg > P > S e Fe > Mn > B > Zn > Cu, respectivamente.
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The investigations involved pigs of three breeds: Pietrain, Zlotnicka Spotted and Polish Landrace. The polymorphism in the number and size of nucleolar organizer regions was analyzed in animals of different breeds. It was observed...
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The investigations involved pigs of three breeds: Pietrain, Zlotnicka Spotted and Polish Landrace. The polymorphism in the number and size of nucleolar organizer regions was analyzed in animals of different breeds. It was observed that the average size of Ag-NORs in pigs was higher in chromosome pair 10 than in pair 8. The largest nuclelar organizer regions were observed in Polish Landrace pigs. The silver stained NORs were most frequently identified in the Pietrain breed.
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